mrliu918
2008-09-18 10:36:01 UTC
Quotation from boxing record:
The Roman gladiator was an important part of Western military
tradition of the past. This is how the West train their boxers and
soldiers in the past.
Answer to public concern about the size of special force and the army
divison responsible for killing more than 30000 Iraqi Republican
guards within days.
Answer to public concern whether the special force in Gulf War is
a oneman show and only true in propaganda.
In the past 15 years, I have been receiving phone calls and other
means of harassment particularly from Middle East Region concerning
whether the special force unit in Gulf War is a one man show and
only true in propaganda. The stalkers and spy oftens concern about
the number of special force units capable of doing the job and the
identity of those served in the special force units. They also
concern about members of special force involving in killing the tigers
and
other predators. They are interested in Information about the
technology of US bullet proof vest used by the special force.
My answer regarding this questions in past 15 years is consistent.
They should stop harassing me and contact the US army directly.
The Roman gladiator was an important part of Western military
tradition of the past.
This is how the West train their boxers and soldiers in the past.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
The most famous world boxing Championships (拳击史上知名度最高的重量级拳击冠军阿里
(muhammad ali)和泰森(Mike tyson)及其公开赛相关统计数据)
USA:Ali, Tyson,
阿里(muhammad ali) 公开赛相关统计数
据 国籍(民族)
61 - won: 56 Lost 5 KOs: 37 (56胜 - 5负 -0和 NC 37次击晕对手
KOs) 美国黑人
Born in Jan 17, 1942 (1942年1月17号出生)
The first man to win the heavyweight title three times
Defeated three-time European champion Zbigniew Pietrzykowski and won
one Olympic gold in 1960
拳击史上第一位三届重量级拳击冠军
1960在奥运会上轻易打败欧裔三届拳击冠军并夺取轻重量级拳击奥运金牌
28岁前公开赛中未输一场
泰森(Mike Tyson) 公开赛相关统计数
据 国籍(民族)
won 50 Lost 6 Knockouts 44 (50胜-6负-0和 NC 44次击晕对手
KOs) 美国黑人
Born in June 30, 1966 (1966年6月30号出生)
The youngest champion ever and won the heavyweight title three
times.
拳击史上最年轻的重量级冠军
三届重量级拳击冠军
28岁前公开赛中仅输一场
以年轻六岁的优势和人已中年、快将退休的重量级拳击冠军阿里(muhammad ali)大战十五回合仍落败的Jimmy Young
Jimmy Young 公开赛相关统计数
据 国籍(民族)
Won 34 - Lost 19 - 2 NC 11 KOs (34胜-19负-2和 NC 11次击晕对手
KOs) 美国
Born in November 16, 1948 - February 20, 2005 (1948年11月
16号出生)
李某认为这场比赛有打假拳的嫌疑。
与重量级拳击冠军泰森(Mike tyson)同龄同级的Mark young仅一个回合就战败
Mark Young 公开赛相关统计数
据 国籍(民族)
Won 14 - Lost 37 - 1 NC 9KOs (14胜-37负-1和 NC 9次击晕对手
KOs) 美国
Born in 1963-12-30 (1963年12月30号出生)
It took only one round for Mike Tyson to knock out member of Young's
family while Ali tooks 15 rounds with Jimmy Young. Mike Tyson no doubt
is the best African American boxer although his polititcal association
and achievement is never as great as Muhammad Ali.
Current world boxing Championships (现届的各级别世界冠军和公开赛相关统计数据)
Class 1 (级别) 重量级 公开赛相关统计数据 国籍(民族)
(胜-负-和 NC 击晕对手次数
KOs)
Heavyweight(+200lb) 23-0-1-0 NC 17 KOs
Uzbekistan
重量级
Cruiserweight(200lb) 33-3-0-0 NC - 22 KOs
France
次重量级 50-6-0-0 NC - 23KOs
USA
27-3-1-0 NC -
18KOs Germany
Light Heavyweight(175lb) 32-1-0-0 NC - 13KOs
Croatia
轻重量级
Class 2 中量级
Super Middleweight(168lb) 39-0-0-0 NC -29 KOs Denmark
29-3-0-0 NC 22
KOs Australia
Middleweight(160lb) 28-2-0 0 NC 12 KOs
Germany
Class 3 轻中量级
Super welterweight(154lb) 29-0-0-0 NC 18 KOs Haiti
Welterweight(147lb) 30-0-0-0 NC 25 KOs
Puerto Rico
Class 4 轻量级
Super Lightweight(140lb) 27-0-0-0 NC 13 KOs Wales
Lightweight(135lb) 32-0-0-0 NC 16 KOs
USA
Class 5 轻量级
Super featherweight
(130lb)
Venezuela
featherweight(126lb) 39-0-1-0 NC 20 KOs
Indonesia
Class 6 轻量级
Super Bantamweight(122lb) 26-2-0-0 NC -18 KOs Panama
Bantamweight(118lb) 20-0-2-0 NC 7 kOs
Ukranie
Class 7 轻量级
Super flyweight(115lb) 30-2-0-0 NC 27 KOs
Venezuela
Flyweight(112lb) 31-4-1-0 NC -15KOs
Japan
Class 8 轻量级
lightweight(108lb) 16-0-0 NC - 7
KO's Argentina
Minimum(105lbs)
It took Mike Tyson only one round to knock out member of Young's
family while Ali took 15 rounds with Jimmy Young . Mike Tyson no doubt
is the best African American boxer although his political association
and achievement is never as great as Muhammad Ali.
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AntillesNew CaledoniaNew ZealandNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNiueNorfolk
IslandNorth KoreaNorthern Mariana
IslandsNorwayOmanPakistanPalauPalestinian TerritoryPanamaPapua New
GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPitcairnPolandPortugalPuerto
RicoQatarRomaniaRussiaRwandaRéunionSaint HelenaSaint Kitts And
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And Caicos IslandsTuvaluU.S. Virgin IslandsUgandaUkraineUnited Arab
EmiratesUnited KingdomUnited StatesUnited States Minor Outlying
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FutunaWestern SaharaYemenZambiaZimbabwe malefemale
heavyweightcruiserweightlight heavyweightsuper
middleweightmiddleweightlight middleweightwelterweightlight
welterweightlightweightsuper featherweightfeatherweightsuper
bantamweightbantamweightsuper flyweightflyweightlight
flyweightminimumweight activeall
表單的底部
World all heavyweight ratings
page: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
9 | 10 | 11 » [1013]
name
W - L - D
last 6
career
stance
nationality
1
Muhammad Ali
56 (37) - 5 (1) - 0
1960-1981
orthodox
United States
2
Joe Louis
69 (55) - 3 (2) - 0
1934-1951
orthodox
United States
3
Gene Tunney
82 (48) - 1 (0) - 3
1915-1928
orthodox
United States
4
Rocky Marciano
49 (43) - 0 (0) - 0
1947-1955
orthodox
United States
5
Harry Wills
79 (49) - 10 (5) - 4
1911-1932
orthodox
United States
6
Larry Holmes
69 (44) - 6 (1) - 0
1973-2002
orthodox
United States
7
Evander Holyfield
42 (27) - 8 (2) - 2
1984-2007
orthodox
United States
8
Floyd Patterson
55 (40) - 8 (5) - 1
1952-1972
orthodox
United States
9
Lennox Lewis
41 (32) - 2 (2) - 1
1989-2003
orthodox
United Kingdom
10
Jack Johnson
92 (51) - 14 (7) - 11
1894-1938
orthodox
United States
11
Jack Dempsey
67 (52) - 6 (1) - 11
1914-1927
orthodox
United States
12
George Foreman
76 (68) - 5 (1) - 0
1969-1997
orthodox
United States
13
Mike Tyson
50 (44) - 6 (5) - 0
1985-2005
orthodox
United States
14
Billy Miske
73 (33) - 16 (1) - 13
1913-1923
orthodox
United States
15
Jersey Joe Walcott
51 (32) - 18 (6) - 2
1930-1953
orthodox
United States
16
Joe Frazier
32 (27) - 4 (3) - 1
1965-1981
orthodox
United States
17
Jack Sharkey
38 (13) - 14 (4) - 3
1924-1936
orthodox
United States
18
James Toney
70 (43) - 6 (0) - 3
1988-2007
orthodox
United States
19
Primo Carnera
89 (72) - 14 (5) - 0
1928-1946
orthodox
Italy
20
Sonny Liston
50 (39) - 4 (3) - 0
1953-1970
orthodox
United States
page: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
9 | 10 | 11 » [1013]
- this data may be incomplete and/or inaccurate -
© BoxRec - 0.1498
Ancient Olympic Games
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Ruins of the training grounds at OlympiaThe Ancient Olympic Games,
originally referred to as simply the Olympic Games (Greek: Ολυμπιακοί
Αγώνες; Olympiakoi Agones) were a series of athletic competitions held
between various city-states of Ancient Greece. They began in 776 BC in
Olympia, Greece, and were celebrated until 393 AD[1] The prizes were
olive wreaths, palm branches and woollen ribbons.
Contents [hide]
1 Legendary origin
2 History
3 Olympic truce
4 Events
5 Famous athletes
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Legendary origin
The origins of the Ancient Olympic Games are unknown, but several
legends and myths have survived. One of these involved Pelops, king of
Olympia and eponymous hero of the Peloponnesus, to whom offerings were
made during the games. The Christian Clement of Alexandria asserted,
"[The] Olympian games are nothing else than the funeral sacrifices of
Pelops."[2] That myth tells of how Pelops' overcame the King and won
the hand of his daughter Hippodamia with the help of Poseidon, his old
lover, a myth linked to the later fall of the house of Atreus and the
sufferings of Oedipus.
A myth tells of the hero Hercules, or Herakles, who won a race at
Olympia and then decreed that the race should be re-enacted every four
years, while another claims that Zeus initiated the festival after his
defeat of the Titan Cronus. Yet another tells of King Iphitos of Elis,
who consulted the Pythia Oracle at Delphi – to try and save his people
from war in the 9th century BC. The prophetess advised him to organize
games in honour of the gods. The Spartan adversary of Iphitos then
decided to stop fighting during these games, which were called
Olympic, after the sanctuary of Olympia where they were held. Had they
been named after Mount Olympus, the mountain on which the Greek gods
were said to live, they would have been called Olympian games rather
than Olympic. The favorite story is that Heracles celebrated cleaning
the Augean Stables by building Olympia with help from Athena.
Whatever their origin, the games were held to be one of the two
central rituals in Ancient Greece, the other being the Eleusinian
Mysteries.[3]
History
The Games first started in Olympia, Greece, in a sanctuary site for
the Greek gods near the towns of Elis and Pisa (both in Elis on the
peninsula of Peloponnesos). The Sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia housed a
12 metre high statue in ivory and gold of Zeus, the father of the
Greek gods, sculpted by Phidias. This statue was one of the ancient
Seven Wonders of the World.
The Olympic Games were held in four year intervals, and later the
Greek method of counting the years even referred to these Games, using
the term Olympiad for the period between two Games. The historian
Ephorus who lived in the 4th century BC is believed to have invented
the use of Olympiads to count years, much as we today use AD and BC.
Previously every Greek state used its own dating system, something
that continued for local events, which led to confusion when trying to
determine dates. "Diodorus states that there was a solar eclipse in
the third year of the 113th Olympiad, which must be the eclipse of 316
BC. This gives us a date of (mid-summer) 786 BC for the first year of
the first Olympiad".[4] Nevertheless, there is disagreement among
scholars whether the games truly began at this time or not.[5]
The "Exedra" reserved for the judges at Olympia on the north
embankment of the stadiumThe only competition held then was, according
to the Greek traveller Pausanias, the stadion race, a race over about
190 metres, measured after the feet of Hercules. The word stadium is
derived from this foot race.
The early Olympics were also held to be the place where the Greek
tradition of athletic nudity was first introduced in 720 BC, either by
the Spartans or by the Megarian Orsippus.
Several groups fought over control of the sanctuary, and hence the
Games, for prestige and political advantage. Pausanias writes that in
668 BC, Pheidon of Argos was commissioned by the town of Pisa to
capture the sanctuary from the town of Elis, which he did and then
personally controlled the Games for that year. The next year Elis
regained control.
The Athenian writer Xenophon in 364 BC gives a contemporary record of
an Elean attack during the Pentathlon final of the Games themselves,
as the Pisans were again in control. The Eleans pushed the defenders
almost to the altar before retreating due to missiles being thrown at
them from the porticos. During that night the defending Arcadians
constructed defensive palisades, and the next morning on seeing the
strength of the defence the Eleans retreated.
Related to the Elis/Pisa conflict, is the Heraea Games, the first
sanctioned competition for women, held in Olympic Stadium. It
originally consisted of foot races only, as did the men's competition.
Some texts, including Pausanias's Description of Greece, c. AD 175,
state that Hippodameia gathered a group known as the "Sixteen Women"
and made them administrators of the Heraea Games, out of gratitude for
her marriage to Pelops. Other texts indicate that the "Sixteen Women"
were peace-makers from Pisa and Elis and, because of their political
competence, became administrators of the Heraea Games.
The Olympic Games were part of the Panhellenic Games, four separate
games held at two- or four-year intervals but arranged so that there
was at least one set of games every year. The Olympic Games were more
important and more prestigious than the Pythian, Nemean, and Isthmian
Games.
Finally, the Olympic Games were suppressed by either Theodosius I in
AD 393 or his grandson Theodosius II in AD 435,[6] as part of the
campaign to impose Christianity as a state religion. The site of
Olympia remained until an earthquake destroyed it in the 6th century
AD.
Olympic truce
During the Olympic Games a truce or ekecheiria was observed. Three
runners known as spondophoroi were sent from Elis to the various
participant cities at each set of games to announce the beginning of
the truce. During this period armies were forbidden from entering
Olympia, wars were suspended and legal disputes and the use of the
death penalty were forbidden. The truce was primarily designed to
allow athletes and visitors to travel safely to the games, and was for
the most part observed, although Thucydides wrote of a situation where
the Spartans were forbidden from attending the games and fined 200,000
drachmas for assaulting the city of Lepreum during the period of the
ekechiria, claiming that the truce had not yet taken hold. [7]
Events
Athletes running the hoplitodromosUnlike the Modern Olympic Games,
only free men who spoke Greek were allowed to participate in the
Ancient Games. They were to some extent "international", though, in
the sense that they included athletes from the various Greek city-
states. Additionally, participants eventually came from Greek colonies
as well, extending the range of the games to far shores of the
Mediterranean and of the Black Sea.
In order to be in the games one had to qualify and the athlete had to
have one's name written down in the lists. It seems that only young
people were allowed to participate, as the Greek writer Plutarch
relates that one young man was rejected for seeming too mature, and
only after his lover interceded with the king of Sparta, who
presumably vouched for his youth, was he permitted to participate.
Before being able to participate, every participant had to take an
oath in front of the statue of Zeus saying that he had been in
training for 10 months.
The Olympic games originally contained one event: the stadion (or
"stade") race, a short sprint measuring between 180 and 240 metres, or
the length of the stadium. The actual length of the race is unknown,
since tracks found at archeological sites, as well as literary
evidence, provide conflicting answers. Runners had to pass five stakes
that divided the lanes: one stake at the start, another at the finish,
and three stakes in-between.
A section of the stone starting line at Olympia, which has a groove
for each footThe diaulos, or 2-stade race, was introduced in 724 BC,
during the 14th Olympic games. The race was a single lap of the
stadium, approximately 400 metres, and scholars debate whether or not
the runners had individual "turning" posts for the return leg of the
race, or whether all the runners approached a common post, turned, and
then raced back to the starting line.
A third foot race, the dolichos, was introduced in 720 BC. Separate
accounts of the race present conflicting evidence as to the actual
length of the dolichos. However, the average stated length of the race
was approximately 18-24 laps, or about three miles (5 km). The event
was run similarly to modern marathons- the runners would begin and end
their event in the stadium proper, but the race course would wind its
way through the Olympic grounds. The course would often flank
important shrines and statues in the sanctuary, passing by the Nike
statue by the temple of Zeus before returning to the stadium.
The last running event added to the Olympic program was the
hoplitodromos, or "Hoplite race," introduced in 520 BC and
traditionally run as the last race of the day. The runners would run
either a single or double diaulos (approximately 400 or 800 yards) in
full or partial armour, carrying a shield and additionally equipped
either with greaves or a helmet.[8][9] As the armour weighed between
50 and 60 lb (27 kg), the hoplitodromos emulated the speed and stamina
needed for warfare. Due to ...
閱讀更多 »
The Roman gladiator was an important part of Western military
tradition of the past. This is how the West train their boxers and
soldiers in the past.
Answer to public concern about the size of special force and the army
divison responsible for killing more than 30000 Iraqi Republican
guards within days.
Answer to public concern whether the special force in Gulf War is
a oneman show and only true in propaganda.
In the past 15 years, I have been receiving phone calls and other
means of harassment particularly from Middle East Region concerning
whether the special force unit in Gulf War is a one man show and
only true in propaganda. The stalkers and spy oftens concern about
the number of special force units capable of doing the job and the
identity of those served in the special force units. They also
concern about members of special force involving in killing the tigers
and
other predators. They are interested in Information about the
technology of US bullet proof vest used by the special force.
My answer regarding this questions in past 15 years is consistent.
They should stop harassing me and contact the US army directly.
The Roman gladiator was an important part of Western military
tradition of the past.
This is how the West train their boxers and soldiers in the past.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
The most famous world boxing Championships (拳击史上知名度最高的重量级拳击冠军阿里
(muhammad ali)和泰森(Mike tyson)及其公开赛相关统计数据)
USA:Ali, Tyson,
阿里(muhammad ali) 公开赛相关统计数
据 国籍(民族)
61 - won: 56 Lost 5 KOs: 37 (56胜 - 5负 -0和 NC 37次击晕对手
KOs) 美国黑人
Born in Jan 17, 1942 (1942年1月17号出生)
The first man to win the heavyweight title three times
Defeated three-time European champion Zbigniew Pietrzykowski and won
one Olympic gold in 1960
拳击史上第一位三届重量级拳击冠军
1960在奥运会上轻易打败欧裔三届拳击冠军并夺取轻重量级拳击奥运金牌
28岁前公开赛中未输一场
泰森(Mike Tyson) 公开赛相关统计数
据 国籍(民族)
won 50 Lost 6 Knockouts 44 (50胜-6负-0和 NC 44次击晕对手
KOs) 美国黑人
Born in June 30, 1966 (1966年6月30号出生)
The youngest champion ever and won the heavyweight title three
times.
拳击史上最年轻的重量级冠军
三届重量级拳击冠军
28岁前公开赛中仅输一场
以年轻六岁的优势和人已中年、快将退休的重量级拳击冠军阿里(muhammad ali)大战十五回合仍落败的Jimmy Young
Jimmy Young 公开赛相关统计数
据 国籍(民族)
Won 34 - Lost 19 - 2 NC 11 KOs (34胜-19负-2和 NC 11次击晕对手
KOs) 美国
Born in November 16, 1948 - February 20, 2005 (1948年11月
16号出生)
李某认为这场比赛有打假拳的嫌疑。
与重量级拳击冠军泰森(Mike tyson)同龄同级的Mark young仅一个回合就战败
Mark Young 公开赛相关统计数
据 国籍(民族)
Won 14 - Lost 37 - 1 NC 9KOs (14胜-37负-1和 NC 9次击晕对手
KOs) 美国
Born in 1963-12-30 (1963年12月30号出生)
It took only one round for Mike Tyson to knock out member of Young's
family while Ali tooks 15 rounds with Jimmy Young. Mike Tyson no doubt
is the best African American boxer although his polititcal association
and achievement is never as great as Muhammad Ali.
Current world boxing Championships (现届的各级别世界冠军和公开赛相关统计数据)
Class 1 (级别) 重量级 公开赛相关统计数据 国籍(民族)
(胜-负-和 NC 击晕对手次数
KOs)
Heavyweight(+200lb) 23-0-1-0 NC 17 KOs
Uzbekistan
重量级
Cruiserweight(200lb) 33-3-0-0 NC - 22 KOs
France
次重量级 50-6-0-0 NC - 23KOs
USA
27-3-1-0 NC -
18KOs Germany
Light Heavyweight(175lb) 32-1-0-0 NC - 13KOs
Croatia
轻重量级
Class 2 中量级
Super Middleweight(168lb) 39-0-0-0 NC -29 KOs Denmark
29-3-0-0 NC 22
KOs Australia
Middleweight(160lb) 28-2-0 0 NC 12 KOs
Germany
Class 3 轻中量级
Super welterweight(154lb) 29-0-0-0 NC 18 KOs Haiti
Welterweight(147lb) 30-0-0-0 NC 25 KOs
Puerto Rico
Class 4 轻量级
Super Lightweight(140lb) 27-0-0-0 NC 13 KOs Wales
Lightweight(135lb) 32-0-0-0 NC 16 KOs
USA
Class 5 轻量级
Super featherweight
(130lb)
Venezuela
featherweight(126lb) 39-0-1-0 NC 20 KOs
Indonesia
Class 6 轻量级
Super Bantamweight(122lb) 26-2-0-0 NC -18 KOs Panama
Bantamweight(118lb) 20-0-2-0 NC 7 kOs
Ukranie
Class 7 轻量级
Super flyweight(115lb) 30-2-0-0 NC 27 KOs
Venezuela
Flyweight(112lb) 31-4-1-0 NC -15KOs
Japan
Class 8 轻量级
lightweight(108lb) 16-0-0 NC - 7
KO's Argentina
Minimum(105lbs)
It took Mike Tyson only one round to knock out member of Young's
family while Ali took 15 rounds with Jimmy Young . Mike Tyson no doubt
is the best African American boxer although his political association
and achievement is never as great as Muhammad Ali.
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World all heavyweight ratings
page: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
9 | 10 | 11 » [1013]
name
W - L - D
last 6
career
stance
nationality
1
Muhammad Ali
56 (37) - 5 (1) - 0
1960-1981
orthodox
United States
2
Joe Louis
69 (55) - 3 (2) - 0
1934-1951
orthodox
United States
3
Gene Tunney
82 (48) - 1 (0) - 3
1915-1928
orthodox
United States
4
Rocky Marciano
49 (43) - 0 (0) - 0
1947-1955
orthodox
United States
5
Harry Wills
79 (49) - 10 (5) - 4
1911-1932
orthodox
United States
6
Larry Holmes
69 (44) - 6 (1) - 0
1973-2002
orthodox
United States
7
Evander Holyfield
42 (27) - 8 (2) - 2
1984-2007
orthodox
United States
8
Floyd Patterson
55 (40) - 8 (5) - 1
1952-1972
orthodox
United States
9
Lennox Lewis
41 (32) - 2 (2) - 1
1989-2003
orthodox
United Kingdom
10
Jack Johnson
92 (51) - 14 (7) - 11
1894-1938
orthodox
United States
11
Jack Dempsey
67 (52) - 6 (1) - 11
1914-1927
orthodox
United States
12
George Foreman
76 (68) - 5 (1) - 0
1969-1997
orthodox
United States
13
Mike Tyson
50 (44) - 6 (5) - 0
1985-2005
orthodox
United States
14
Billy Miske
73 (33) - 16 (1) - 13
1913-1923
orthodox
United States
15
Jersey Joe Walcott
51 (32) - 18 (6) - 2
1930-1953
orthodox
United States
16
Joe Frazier
32 (27) - 4 (3) - 1
1965-1981
orthodox
United States
17
Jack Sharkey
38 (13) - 14 (4) - 3
1924-1936
orthodox
United States
18
James Toney
70 (43) - 6 (0) - 3
1988-2007
orthodox
United States
19
Primo Carnera
89 (72) - 14 (5) - 0
1928-1946
orthodox
Italy
20
Sonny Liston
50 (39) - 4 (3) - 0
1953-1970
orthodox
United States
page: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
9 | 10 | 11 » [1013]
- this data may be incomplete and/or inaccurate -
© BoxRec - 0.1498
Quotation fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co...
Your continued donations keep Wikipedia running!Ancient Olympic Games
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Ruins of the training grounds at OlympiaThe Ancient Olympic Games,
originally referred to as simply the Olympic Games (Greek: Ολυμπιακοί
Αγώνες; Olympiakoi Agones) were a series of athletic competitions held
between various city-states of Ancient Greece. They began in 776 BC in
Olympia, Greece, and were celebrated until 393 AD[1] The prizes were
olive wreaths, palm branches and woollen ribbons.
Contents [hide]
1 Legendary origin
2 History
3 Olympic truce
4 Events
5 Famous athletes
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Legendary origin
The origins of the Ancient Olympic Games are unknown, but several
legends and myths have survived. One of these involved Pelops, king of
Olympia and eponymous hero of the Peloponnesus, to whom offerings were
made during the games. The Christian Clement of Alexandria asserted,
"[The] Olympian games are nothing else than the funeral sacrifices of
Pelops."[2] That myth tells of how Pelops' overcame the King and won
the hand of his daughter Hippodamia with the help of Poseidon, his old
lover, a myth linked to the later fall of the house of Atreus and the
sufferings of Oedipus.
A myth tells of the hero Hercules, or Herakles, who won a race at
Olympia and then decreed that the race should be re-enacted every four
years, while another claims that Zeus initiated the festival after his
defeat of the Titan Cronus. Yet another tells of King Iphitos of Elis,
who consulted the Pythia Oracle at Delphi – to try and save his people
from war in the 9th century BC. The prophetess advised him to organize
games in honour of the gods. The Spartan adversary of Iphitos then
decided to stop fighting during these games, which were called
Olympic, after the sanctuary of Olympia where they were held. Had they
been named after Mount Olympus, the mountain on which the Greek gods
were said to live, they would have been called Olympian games rather
than Olympic. The favorite story is that Heracles celebrated cleaning
the Augean Stables by building Olympia with help from Athena.
Whatever their origin, the games were held to be one of the two
central rituals in Ancient Greece, the other being the Eleusinian
Mysteries.[3]
History
The Games first started in Olympia, Greece, in a sanctuary site for
the Greek gods near the towns of Elis and Pisa (both in Elis on the
peninsula of Peloponnesos). The Sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia housed a
12 metre high statue in ivory and gold of Zeus, the father of the
Greek gods, sculpted by Phidias. This statue was one of the ancient
Seven Wonders of the World.
The Olympic Games were held in four year intervals, and later the
Greek method of counting the years even referred to these Games, using
the term Olympiad for the period between two Games. The historian
Ephorus who lived in the 4th century BC is believed to have invented
the use of Olympiads to count years, much as we today use AD and BC.
Previously every Greek state used its own dating system, something
that continued for local events, which led to confusion when trying to
determine dates. "Diodorus states that there was a solar eclipse in
the third year of the 113th Olympiad, which must be the eclipse of 316
BC. This gives us a date of (mid-summer) 786 BC for the first year of
the first Olympiad".[4] Nevertheless, there is disagreement among
scholars whether the games truly began at this time or not.[5]
The "Exedra" reserved for the judges at Olympia on the north
embankment of the stadiumThe only competition held then was, according
to the Greek traveller Pausanias, the stadion race, a race over about
190 metres, measured after the feet of Hercules. The word stadium is
derived from this foot race.
The early Olympics were also held to be the place where the Greek
tradition of athletic nudity was first introduced in 720 BC, either by
the Spartans or by the Megarian Orsippus.
Several groups fought over control of the sanctuary, and hence the
Games, for prestige and political advantage. Pausanias writes that in
668 BC, Pheidon of Argos was commissioned by the town of Pisa to
capture the sanctuary from the town of Elis, which he did and then
personally controlled the Games for that year. The next year Elis
regained control.
The Athenian writer Xenophon in 364 BC gives a contemporary record of
an Elean attack during the Pentathlon final of the Games themselves,
as the Pisans were again in control. The Eleans pushed the defenders
almost to the altar before retreating due to missiles being thrown at
them from the porticos. During that night the defending Arcadians
constructed defensive palisades, and the next morning on seeing the
strength of the defence the Eleans retreated.
Related to the Elis/Pisa conflict, is the Heraea Games, the first
sanctioned competition for women, held in Olympic Stadium. It
originally consisted of foot races only, as did the men's competition.
Some texts, including Pausanias's Description of Greece, c. AD 175,
state that Hippodameia gathered a group known as the "Sixteen Women"
and made them administrators of the Heraea Games, out of gratitude for
her marriage to Pelops. Other texts indicate that the "Sixteen Women"
were peace-makers from Pisa and Elis and, because of their political
competence, became administrators of the Heraea Games.
The Olympic Games were part of the Panhellenic Games, four separate
games held at two- or four-year intervals but arranged so that there
was at least one set of games every year. The Olympic Games were more
important and more prestigious than the Pythian, Nemean, and Isthmian
Games.
Finally, the Olympic Games were suppressed by either Theodosius I in
AD 393 or his grandson Theodosius II in AD 435,[6] as part of the
campaign to impose Christianity as a state religion. The site of
Olympia remained until an earthquake destroyed it in the 6th century
AD.
Olympic truce
During the Olympic Games a truce or ekecheiria was observed. Three
runners known as spondophoroi were sent from Elis to the various
participant cities at each set of games to announce the beginning of
the truce. During this period armies were forbidden from entering
Olympia, wars were suspended and legal disputes and the use of the
death penalty were forbidden. The truce was primarily designed to
allow athletes and visitors to travel safely to the games, and was for
the most part observed, although Thucydides wrote of a situation where
the Spartans were forbidden from attending the games and fined 200,000
drachmas for assaulting the city of Lepreum during the period of the
ekechiria, claiming that the truce had not yet taken hold. [7]
Events
Athletes running the hoplitodromosUnlike the Modern Olympic Games,
only free men who spoke Greek were allowed to participate in the
Ancient Games. They were to some extent "international", though, in
the sense that they included athletes from the various Greek city-
states. Additionally, participants eventually came from Greek colonies
as well, extending the range of the games to far shores of the
Mediterranean and of the Black Sea.
In order to be in the games one had to qualify and the athlete had to
have one's name written down in the lists. It seems that only young
people were allowed to participate, as the Greek writer Plutarch
relates that one young man was rejected for seeming too mature, and
only after his lover interceded with the king of Sparta, who
presumably vouched for his youth, was he permitted to participate.
Before being able to participate, every participant had to take an
oath in front of the statue of Zeus saying that he had been in
training for 10 months.
The Olympic games originally contained one event: the stadion (or
"stade") race, a short sprint measuring between 180 and 240 metres, or
the length of the stadium. The actual length of the race is unknown,
since tracks found at archeological sites, as well as literary
evidence, provide conflicting answers. Runners had to pass five stakes
that divided the lanes: one stake at the start, another at the finish,
and three stakes in-between.
A section of the stone starting line at Olympia, which has a groove
for each footThe diaulos, or 2-stade race, was introduced in 724 BC,
during the 14th Olympic games. The race was a single lap of the
stadium, approximately 400 metres, and scholars debate whether or not
the runners had individual "turning" posts for the return leg of the
race, or whether all the runners approached a common post, turned, and
then raced back to the starting line.
A third foot race, the dolichos, was introduced in 720 BC. Separate
accounts of the race present conflicting evidence as to the actual
length of the dolichos. However, the average stated length of the race
was approximately 18-24 laps, or about three miles (5 km). The event
was run similarly to modern marathons- the runners would begin and end
their event in the stadium proper, but the race course would wind its
way through the Olympic grounds. The course would often flank
important shrines and statues in the sanctuary, passing by the Nike
statue by the temple of Zeus before returning to the stadium.
The last running event added to the Olympic program was the
hoplitodromos, or "Hoplite race," introduced in 520 BC and
traditionally run as the last race of the day. The runners would run
either a single or double diaulos (approximately 400 or 800 yards) in
full or partial armour, carrying a shield and additionally equipped
either with greaves or a helmet.[8][9] As the armour weighed between
50 and 60 lb (27 kg), the hoplitodromos emulated the speed and stamina
needed for warfare. Due to ...
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